导语:本文着重解决测试代码的bug,并介绍使用C++开发shellcode需要考虑的一些问题。
0x00 前言
之前在《Windows Shellcode学习笔记——通过VisualStudio生成shellcode》介绍了使用C++编写(不使用内联汇编),实现动态获取API地址并调用,对其反汇编提取shellcode的方法,并开源了测试代码。
接下来在对shellcode进行提取的过程中,发现了当时开源代码的一些bug,所以本文着重解决测试代码的bug,并介绍使用C++开发shellcode需要考虑的一些问题。
存在bug的测试代码下载地址:
https://github.com/3gstudent/Shellcode-Generater/blob/master/shellcode.cpp
0x01 简介
简单的shellcode提取流程:
使用c++开发代码 更改VisualStudio编译配置 生成exe 在IDA下打开生成的exe,获得机器码
由于是动态获取API地址并调用,所以为了保证shellcode的兼容性,代码中不能出现固定地址,并且要尽量避免使用全局变量,如果代码中包含子函数,根据调用方式,还有注意各个函数之间的排列顺序(起始函数放于最前)
0x02 Bug修复
配置三个编译选项:release、禁用优化、禁用/GS
将代码编译,然后使用IDA提取机器码作为shellcode
在实际调试过程中,发现代码存在bug:
1、代码中应合理处理全局变量
在代码中使用全局变量
FARPROC(WINAPI* GetProcAddressAPI)(HMODULE, LPCSTR); HMODULE(WINAPI* LoadLibraryWAPI)(LPCWSTR);
在编译后会成为一个固定地址,导致shellcode无法兼容不同环境
最简单直接的方式是在shellcode中尽量避免全局变量
2、函数声明方式需要修改
修改全局变量后,以下代码需要修改:
MESSAGEBOXA_INITIALIZE MeassageboxA_MyOwn = reinterpret_cast<MESSAGEBOXA_INITIALIZE>(GetProcAddressAPI(LoadLibraryWAPI(struser32), MeassageboxA_api)); MeassageboxA_MyOwn(NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
需要全部换成typedef的函数声明方式
3、函数调用顺序
如果使用以下方式加载shellcode:
(*(int(*)()) sc)();
起始函数的定义应该位于这段shellcode的最前面(和函数声明的顺序无关)
注:
shellcode如果包含子函数,应该保证各个函数放在一段连续的地址中,并且起始函数置于最前面,这样在提取机器码后,可以直接加载起始函数执行shellcode
综上,给出新的完整代码:
#include <windows.h> #include <Winternl.h> #pragma optimize( "", off ) void shell_code(); HANDLE GetKernel32Handle(); BOOL __ISUPPER__(__in CHAR c); CHAR __TOLOWER__(__in CHAR c); UINT __STRLEN__(__in LPSTR lpStr1); UINT __STRLENW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1); LPWSTR __STRSTRIW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2); INT __STRCMPI__(__in LPSTR lpStr1, __in LPSTR lpStr2); INT __STRNCMPIW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2, __in DWORD dwLen); LPVOID __MEMCPY__(__in LPVOID lpDst, __in LPVOID lpSrc, __in DWORD dwCount); typedef FARPROC(WINAPI* GetProcAddressAPI)(HMODULE, LPCSTR); typedef HMODULE(WINAPI* LoadLibraryWAPI)(LPCWSTR); typedef ULONG (WINAPI *MESSAGEBOXAPI)(HWND, LPWSTR, LPWSTR, ULONG); void shell_code() { LoadLibraryWAPI loadlibrarywapi = 0; GetProcAddressAPI getprocaddressapi=0; MESSAGEBOXAPI messageboxapi=0; wchar_t struser32[] = { L'u', L's', L'e', L'r', L'3',L'2', L'.', L'd', L'l', L'l', 0 }; char MeassageboxA_api[] = { 'M', 'e', 's', 's', 'a', 'g', 'e', 'B', 'o', 'x', 'A', 0 }; HANDLE hKernel32 = GetKernel32Handle(); if (hKernel32 == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { return; } LPBYTE lpBaseAddr = (LPBYTE)hKernel32; PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER lpDosHdr = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)lpBaseAddr; PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHdrs = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)(lpBaseAddr + lpDosHdr->e_lfanew); PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY pExportDir = (PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY)(lpBaseAddr + pNtHdrs->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress); LPDWORD pNameArray = (LPDWORD)(lpBaseAddr + pExportDir->AddressOfNames); LPDWORD pAddrArray = (LPDWORD)(lpBaseAddr + pExportDir->AddressOfFunctions); LPWORD pOrdArray = (LPWORD)(lpBaseAddr + pExportDir->AddressOfNameOrdinals); CHAR strLoadLibraryA[] = { 'L', 'o', 'a', 'd', 'L', 'i', 'b', 'r', 'a', 'r', 'y', 'W', 0x0 }; CHAR strGetProcAddress[] = { 'G', 'e', 't', 'P', 'r', 'o', 'c', 'A', 'd', 'd', 'r', 'e', 's', 's', 0x0 }; for (UINT i = 0; i < pExportDir->NumberOfNames; i++) { LPSTR pFuncName = (LPSTR)(lpBaseAddr + pNameArray[i]); if (!__STRCMPI__(pFuncName, strGetProcAddress)) { getprocaddressapi=(GetProcAddressAPI)(lpBaseAddr + pAddrArray[pOrdArray[i]]); } else if (!__STRCMPI__(pFuncName, strLoadLibraryA)) { loadlibrarywapi=(LoadLibraryWAPI) (lpBaseAddr + pAddrArray[pOrdArray[i]]); } if (getprocaddressapi != nullptr && loadlibrarywapi != nullptr) { messageboxapi=(MESSAGEBOXAPI)getprocaddressapi(loadlibrarywapi(struser32), MeassageboxA_api); messageboxapi(NULL, NULL, NULL, 0); return; } } } inline BOOL __ISUPPER__(__in CHAR c) { return ('A' <= c) && (c <= 'Z'); }; inline CHAR __TOLOWER__(__in CHAR c) { return __ISUPPER__(c) ? c - 'A' + 'a' : c; }; UINT __STRLEN__(__in LPSTR lpStr1) { UINT i = 0; while (lpStr1[i] != 0x0) i++; return i; } UINT __STRLENW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1) { UINT i = 0; while (lpStr1[i] != L'') i++; return i; } LPWSTR __STRSTRIW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2) { CHAR c = __TOLOWER__(((PCHAR)(lpStr2++))[0]); if (!c) return lpStr1; UINT dwLen = __STRLENW__(lpStr2); do { CHAR sc; do { sc = __TOLOWER__(((PCHAR)(lpStr1)++)[0]); if (!sc) return NULL; } while (sc != c); } while (__STRNCMPIW__(lpStr1, lpStr2, dwLen) != 0); return (lpStr1 - 1); // FIXME -2 ? } INT __STRCMPI__( __in LPSTR lpStr1, __in LPSTR lpStr2) { int v; CHAR c1, c2; do { c1 = *lpStr1++; c2 = *lpStr2++; // The casts are necessary when pStr1 is shorter & char is signed v = (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c1) - (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c2); } while ((v == 0) && (c1 != '') && (c2 != '')); return v; } INT __STRNCMPIW__( __in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2, __in DWORD dwLen) { int v; CHAR c1, c2; do { dwLen--; c1 = ((PCHAR)lpStr1++)[0]; c2 = ((PCHAR)lpStr2++)[0]; /* The casts are necessary when pStr1 is shorter & char is signed */ v = (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c1) - (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c2); } while ((v == 0) && (c1 != 0x0) && (c2 != 0x0) && dwLen > 0); return v; } LPSTR __STRCAT__( __in LPSTR strDest, __in LPSTR strSource) { LPSTR d = strDest; LPSTR s = strSource; while (*d) d++; do { *d++ = *s++; } while (*s); *d = 0x0; return strDest; } LPVOID __MEMCPY__( __in LPVOID lpDst, __in LPVOID lpSrc, __in DWORD dwCount) { LPBYTE s = (LPBYTE)lpSrc; LPBYTE d = (LPBYTE)lpDst; while (dwCount--) *d++ = *s++; return lpDst; } HANDLE GetKernel32Handle() { HANDLE hKernel32 = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; #ifdef _WIN64 PPEB lpPeb = (PPEB)__readgsqword(0x60); #else PPEB lpPeb = (PPEB)__readfsdword(0x30); #endif PLIST_ENTRY pListHead = &lpPeb->Ldr->InMemoryOrderModuleList; PLIST_ENTRY pListEntry = pListHead->Flink; WCHAR strDllName[MAX_PATH]; WCHAR strKernel32[] = { 'k', 'e', 'r', 'n', 'e', 'l', '3', '2', '.', 'd', 'l', 'l', L'' }; while (pListEntry != pListHead) { PLDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY pModEntry = CONTAINING_RECORD(pListEntry, LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY, InMemoryOrderLinks); if (pModEntry->FullDllName.Length) { DWORD dwLen = pModEntry->FullDllName.Length; __MEMCPY__(strDllName, pModEntry->FullDllName.Buffer, dwLen); strDllName[dwLen / sizeof(WCHAR)] = L''; if (__STRSTRIW__(strDllName, strKernel32)) { hKernel32 = pModEntry->DllBase; break; } } pListEntry = pListEntry->Flink; } return hKernel32; } int main() { printf("1"); shell_code(); printf("2"); return 0; }
0x03 Shellcode提取
将以上代码编译成exe后使用IDA打开,查看Function Window,找到各子函数起始地址
如图
可以看到各个函数保存在一段连续的地址,并且shellcode起始函数位于最开始
双击第一个函数shell_code(void),进入IDA文本视图,可查看shell_code(void)函数具体在exe文件中的位置为00000400
如图
查看main函数在exe文件中的位置为00000A00
如图
结合c代码的结构,推断出在exe文件中的偏移范围00000400-00000A00即为我们需要的机器码
使用十六进制编辑器将其中的机器码提取并保存到文件中,文件中的内容即我们需要的shellcode
当然,以上手动提取机器码并保存到文件的功能可通过程序自动实现,完整代码如下:
#include <stdafx.h> #include <windows.h> #include <Winternl.h> #pragma optimize( "", off ) void shell_code(); HANDLE GetKernel32Handle(); BOOL __ISUPPER__(__in CHAR c); CHAR __TOLOWER__(__in CHAR c); UINT __STRLEN__(__in LPSTR lpStr1); UINT __STRLENW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1); LPWSTR __STRSTRIW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2); INT __STRCMPI__(__in LPSTR lpStr1, __in LPSTR lpStr2); INT __STRNCMPIW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2, __in DWORD dwLen); LPVOID __MEMCPY__(__in LPVOID lpDst, __in LPVOID lpSrc, __in DWORD dwCount); typedef FARPROC(WINAPI* GetProcAddressAPI)(HMODULE, LPCSTR); typedef HMODULE(WINAPI* LoadLibraryWAPI)(LPCWSTR); typedef ULONG (WINAPI *MESSAGEBOXAPI)(HWND, LPWSTR, LPWSTR, ULONG); void shell_code() { LoadLibraryWAPI loadlibrarywapi = 0; GetProcAddressAPI getprocaddressapi=0; MESSAGEBOXAPI messageboxapi=0; wchar_t struser32[] = { L'u', L's', L'e', L'r', L'3',L'2', L'.', L'd', L'l', L'l', 0 }; char MeassageboxA_api[] = { 'M', 'e', 's', 's', 'a', 'g', 'e', 'B', 'o', 'x', 'A', 0 }; HANDLE hKernel32 = GetKernel32Handle(); if (hKernel32 == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { return; } LPBYTE lpBaseAddr = (LPBYTE)hKernel32; PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER lpDosHdr = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)lpBaseAddr; PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHdrs = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)(lpBaseAddr + lpDosHdr->e_lfanew); PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY pExportDir = (PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY)(lpBaseAddr + pNtHdrs->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress); LPDWORD pNameArray = (LPDWORD)(lpBaseAddr + pExportDir->AddressOfNames); LPDWORD pAddrArray = (LPDWORD)(lpBaseAddr + pExportDir->AddressOfFunctions); LPWORD pOrdArray = (LPWORD)(lpBaseAddr + pExportDir->AddressOfNameOrdinals); CHAR strLoadLibraryA[] = { 'L', 'o', 'a', 'd', 'L', 'i', 'b', 'r', 'a', 'r', 'y', 'W', 0x0 }; CHAR strGetProcAddress[] = { 'G', 'e', 't', 'P', 'r', 'o', 'c', 'A', 'd', 'd', 'r', 'e', 's', 's', 0x0 }; for (UINT i = 0; i < pExportDir->NumberOfNames; i++) { LPSTR pFuncName = (LPSTR)(lpBaseAddr + pNameArray[i]); if (!__STRCMPI__(pFuncName, strGetProcAddress)) { getprocaddressapi=(GetProcAddressAPI)(lpBaseAddr + pAddrArray[pOrdArray[i]]); } else if (!__STRCMPI__(pFuncName, strLoadLibraryA)) { loadlibrarywapi=(LoadLibraryWAPI) (lpBaseAddr + pAddrArray[pOrdArray[i]]); } if (getprocaddressapi != nullptr && loadlibrarywapi != nullptr) { messageboxapi=(MESSAGEBOXAPI)getprocaddressapi(loadlibrarywapi(struser32), MeassageboxA_api); messageboxapi(NULL, NULL, NULL, 0); return; } } } inline BOOL __ISUPPER__(__in CHAR c) { return ('A' <= c) && (c <= 'Z'); }; inline CHAR __TOLOWER__(__in CHAR c) { return __ISUPPER__(c) ? c - 'A' + 'a' : c; }; UINT __STRLEN__(__in LPSTR lpStr1) { UINT i = 0; while (lpStr1[i] != 0x0) i++; return i; } UINT __STRLENW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1) { UINT i = 0; while (lpStr1[i] != L'') i++; return i; } LPWSTR __STRSTRIW__(__in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2) { CHAR c = __TOLOWER__(((PCHAR)(lpStr2++))[0]); if (!c) return lpStr1; UINT dwLen = __STRLENW__(lpStr2); do { CHAR sc; do { sc = __TOLOWER__(((PCHAR)(lpStr1)++)[0]); if (!sc) return NULL; } while (sc != c); } while (__STRNCMPIW__(lpStr1, lpStr2, dwLen) != 0); return (lpStr1 - 1); // FIXME -2 ? } INT __STRCMPI__( __in LPSTR lpStr1, __in LPSTR lpStr2) { int v; CHAR c1, c2; do { c1 = *lpStr1++; c2 = *lpStr2++; // The casts are necessary when pStr1 is shorter & char is signed v = (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c1) - (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c2); } while ((v == 0) && (c1 != '') && (c2 != '')); return v; } INT __STRNCMPIW__( __in LPWSTR lpStr1, __in LPWSTR lpStr2, __in DWORD dwLen) { int v; CHAR c1, c2; do { dwLen--; c1 = ((PCHAR)lpStr1++)[0]; c2 = ((PCHAR)lpStr2++)[0]; /* The casts are necessary when pStr1 is shorter & char is signed */ v = (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c1) - (UINT)__TOLOWER__(c2); } while ((v == 0) && (c1 != 0x0) && (c2 != 0x0) && dwLen > 0); return v; } LPSTR __STRCAT__( __in LPSTR strDest, __in LPSTR strSource) { LPSTR d = strDest; LPSTR s = strSource; while (*d) d++; do { *d++ = *s++; } while (*s); *d = 0x0; return strDest; } LPVOID __MEMCPY__( __in LPVOID lpDst, __in LPVOID lpSrc, __in DWORD dwCount) { LPBYTE s = (LPBYTE)lpSrc; LPBYTE d = (LPBYTE)lpDst; while (dwCount--) *d++ = *s++; return lpDst; } HANDLE GetKernel32Handle() { HANDLE hKernel32 = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; #ifdef _WIN64 PPEB lpPeb = (PPEB)__readgsqword(0x60); #else PPEB lpPeb = (PPEB)__readfsdword(0x30); #endif PLIST_ENTRY pListHead = &lpPeb->Ldr->InMemoryOrderModuleList; PLIST_ENTRY pListEntry = pListHead->Flink; WCHAR strDllName[MAX_PATH]; WCHAR strKernel32[] = { 'k', 'e', 'r', 'n', 'e', 'l', '3', '2', '.', 'd', 'l', 'l', L'' }; while (pListEntry != pListHead) { PLDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY pModEntry = CONTAINING_RECORD(pListEntry, LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY, InMemoryOrderLinks); if (pModEntry->FullDllName.Length) { DWORD dwLen = pModEntry->FullDllName.Length; __MEMCPY__(strDllName, pModEntry->FullDllName.Buffer, dwLen); strDllName[dwLen / sizeof(WCHAR)] = L''; if (__STRSTRIW__(strDllName, strKernel32)) { hKernel32 = pModEntry->DllBase; break; } } pListEntry = pListEntry->Flink; } return hKernel32; } void __declspec(naked) END_SHELLCODE(void) {} int main() { shell_code(); FILE *output_file; fopen_s(&output_file,"shellcode.bin", "wb"); fwrite(shell_code, (int)END_SHELLCODE - (int)shell_code, 1, output_file); fclose(output_file); return 0; }
注:
打开文件需要以”wb”模式打开二进制文件
如果以”w”模式,写入文件的过程中,0A字符会被替换为0D0A,导致shellcode出现问题
0x04 Shellcode测试
使用以下代码可读取文件中保存的shellcode,加载并测试其功能:
#include <windows.h> size_t GetSize(char * szFilePath) { size_t size; FILE* f = fopen(szFilePath, "rb"); fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END); size = ftell(f); rewind(f); fclose(f); return size; } unsigned char* ReadBinaryFile(char *szFilePath, size_t *size) { unsigned char *p = NULL; FILE* f = NULL; size_t res = 0; *size = GetSize(szFilePath); if (*size == 0) return NULL; f = fopen(szFilePath, "rb"); if (f == NULL) { printf("Binary file does not exists!n"); return 0; } p = new unsigned char[*size]; rewind(f); res = fread(p, sizeof(unsigned char), *size, f); fclose(f); if (res == 0) { delete[] p; return NULL; } return p; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { char *szFilePath="c:testshellcode.bin"; unsigned char *BinData = NULL; size_t size = 0; BinData = ReadBinaryFile(szFilePath, &size); void *sc = VirtualAlloc(0, size, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE); if (sc == NULL) return 0; memcpy(sc, BinData, size); (*(int(*)()) sc)(); return 0; }